Google Drive Folder HERE
Slideshow: slides, pub
Listening Question Sheet: docs, pub
Transcript: docs, pub
IELTS Speaking Part 3 Questions: docs, pub
Quizlet: docs, pub
Writing Task 2 Homework: docs, pub
The question sheet for the listening comes from HERE (I've modified it). The transcript comes from HERE (I've modified it.)
The slideshow contains a reference to the Presidency of Obama, which will become out of date soon and will need to be modified for future use.
#10—Crash Course World History The Roman Empire or Republic or...Which Was It?
Answer each question with no more than two words or a number
The story of Rome begins when twins, Romulus and Remus, who’d been raised by wolves, founded a city on (1)__________ hills.
What does SPQR stand for? It means Senatus Populusque Romanus (the Senate and the People of Rome), one of the (2)__________ of the Roman Republic.
Rome was divided into two broad classes: the Patricians– the small group of aristocratic families and the Plebians, basically everybody else.
The Senate was a sort of a mixture of legislature and giant advisory (3)__________. Their main job was to set the policy for the Consuls.
Each year the Senate would choose from among its ranks (4)__________ co-Consuls to serve as sort of the chief executives of Rome. There needed to be two so they could check each other’s (5)__________, and also so that one could take care of Rome domestically, while the other was off fighting wars, and conquering new territory.
There were two additional checks on power: First, the (6)__________ year term. And secondly, once a senator had served as consul, he was forbidden to serve as consul again for at least (7)__________ years.
The Romans also had a position of (8) __________, a person who would who’d take over in the event the Republic was in imminent danger.
The paradigm for this selfless Roman ruler was Cincinnatus, a general who came out of comfortable (9)__________ at his plantation, took command of an army, defeated whatever enemy he was battling, and then laid down his command and returned to his farm. George Washington was heavily influenced by Cincinnatus when he invented the idea of a (10)__________ term presidency.
So along comes Caesar. Coming as he did from the senatorial class, it was natural that Caesar would serve in both the army and the (11)__________, which he did. He rose through the ranks, and after some top-notch generalling, and a gig as the (12)__________ of Spain, he decided to run for consul.
Caesar succeeded in becoming consul in 59 BCE and thereafter sought to dominate Roman politics by allying himself with Crassus, Rome’s richest man, and also with Rome’s other most powerful man, the general Pompey. The three formed the so-called first Triumvirate, and the alliance worked out super well, for Caesar. Not so well for the other two.
Caesar landed the governorship of Gaul, at least the southern part that Rome controlled. He quickly conquered the rest of the territory and his four loyal armies—or legions, as the Romans called them—became his source of (13)__________. Caesar continued his conquests, invading Britain and waging another successful war against the Gauls.
While he was away, Crassus died in (14)__________ with the Parthians and Pompey, who had become Caesar’s rival and enemy, was elected Consul.
Pompey and the Senate decided to try to strip Caesar of his command and recall him to Rome. This led to a civil war between Caesar and Pompey. By 48 BCE Caesar was in total command of all of Rome’s holdings, having been named both (15)__________ and consul.
Caesar set out to Egypt to track down Pompey only to learn that he’d already been assassinated by agents of the Pharaoh Ptolemy. Egypt had its own (16)__________ at the time, between the Pharaoh and his sister/wife Cleopatra. Caesar sided with Cleopatra.
Caesar made his way back from Egypt to Rome, stopping off to defeat a few kings in the east, and was declared dictator again. That position that was later extended for ten years, and then for (17)__________.
By 45 BCE Caesar was the undisputed master of Rome and he pursued reforms that strengthened his own power. He provided land pensions for his (18)__________, restructured the debts of a huge percentage of Rome’s debtors, and also changed the (19)__________ to make it look more like the one we use today.
By 44 BCE, many Senators had decided that Caesar controlled too much of the power in Rome, and so they stabbed him (20)__________ times on the floor of the Roman Senate.
The conspirators thought that the death of Caesar would bring about the restoration of the Republic, and they were wrong. A Second Triumvirate was formed by Caesar’s adopted son Octavian, along with his second in command Marc Antony and a dude named Lepidus. This triumvirate was an awesome failure, degenerating into a second (21)__________. Octavian and Antony fought it out. Octavian won, changed his name to Caesar Augustus, became sole ruler of Rome, adopted the title (22)__________, and started printing coins identifying himself as Divini Filius: Son of God.
So did Caesar destroy the Republic? No, he’s only really to blame if he was the first one to do that. And he wasn’t. Take the general Marius, for instance, who rose to power on the strength of his generalship and on his willingness to open up the army to the (23) __________, who were loyal to him personally, and not to Rome, and whom he promised land in exchange for their good service in the army. This of course required the Romans to keep conquering new land so they could keep giving it to new legionnaires. Marius also was consul (24)__________ times in a row 60 years before Caesar.
Or look at the general Sulla who, like Marius, ensured that his armies would be more loyal to him personally than to Rome, but who marched against Rome itself, and then became its dictator, (25)__________ thousands of people in 81 BCE, 30 years before Caesar entered the scene.
You’ll remember that the Persian Empire had some characteristics that made it imperial: a (26)__________ system of government, continual military expansion, and a (27)__________ of subject peoples. The Roman Empire had all three of those characteristics long before it became The Roman Empire.
Rome started out as a (28)__________, and then it became a city state, then a kingdom, and then a Republic, but that entire time, it was basically comprised of the area around Rome.
By the 4th century BCE, Rome started to incorporate its neighbors like the Latins and the Etruscans, and pretty soon they had all of Italy under their control. If you want to talk about real expansion and diversity, you’ve got to talk about the Punic Wars.
- In the First Punic War, Rome wanted Sicily, which was controlled by the Carthaginians. Rome won, which made Carthage cranky, so they started the second Punic war.
- In 219 BCE, Hannibal attacked a Roman town and then led an army across Spain, and then crossed the Alps with (29)__________. Hannibal and his elephant army almost won, but alas, they didn’t and as a result the Romans got Spain. People in Spain are definitely NOT Romans which means that by 201 BCE Rome was definitely an empire.
- The third Punic War was a formality – Rome found some excuse to attack Carthage and then destroyed it so completely that these days you can’t even find it on a map.
Eventually this whole area and a lot more would be incorporated into a system of provinces and (30)__________ of people would be ruled by the Roman Empire. And it’s ridiculous to say that Rome was a Republic until Augustus became Rome’s first official emperor, because by the time he did that, Rome had been an empire for (31)__________ years.
Answers:
The story of Rome begins when twins, Romulus and Remus, who’d been raised by wolves, founded a city on (1)seven hills.
What does SPQR stand for? It means Senatus Populusque Romanus (the Senate and the People of Rome), one of the (2)mottos of the Roman Republic.
Rome was divided into two broad classes: the Patricians– the small group of aristocratic families and the Plebians, basically everybody else.
The Senate was a sort of a mixture of legislature and giant advisory (3)council. Their main job was to set the policy for the Consuls.
Each year the Senate would choose from among its ranks (4)two co-Consuls to serve as sort of the chief executives of Rome. There needed to be two so they could check each other’s (5)ambition, and also so that one could take care of Rome domestically, while the other was off fighting wars, and conquering new territory.
There were two additional checks on power: First, the (6)one year term. And secondly, once a senator had served as consul, he was forbidden to serve as consul again for at least (7)ten years.
The Romans also had a position of (8) dictator, a person who would who’d take over in the event the Republic was in imminent danger.
The paradigm for this selfless Roman ruler was Cincinnatus, a general who came out of comfortable (9)retirement at his plantation, took command of an army, defeated whatever enemy he was battling, and then laid down his command and returned to his farm. George Washington was heavily influenced by Cincinnatus when he invented the idea of a (10)two term presidency.
So along comes Caesar. Coming as he did from the senatorial class, it was natural that Caesar would serve in both the army and the (11)Senate, which he did. He rose through the ranks, and after some top-notch generalling, and a gig as the (12)governor of Spain, he decided to run for consul.
Caesar succeeded in becoming consul in 59 BCE and thereafter sought to dominate Roman politics by allying himself with Crassus, Rome’s richest man, and also with Rome’s other most powerful man, the general Pompey. The three formed the so-called first Triumvirate, and the alliance worked out super well, for Caesar. Not so well for the other two.
Caesar landed the governorship of Gaul, at least the southern part that Rome controlled. He quickly conquered the rest of the territory and his four loyal armies—or legions, as the Romans called them—became his source of (13)power. Caesar continued his conquests, invading Britain and waging another successful war against the Gauls.
While he was away, Crassus died in (14)battle with the Parthians and Pompey, who had become Caesar’s rival and enemy, was elected Consul.
Pompey and the Senate decided to try to strip Caesar of his command and recall him to Rome. This led to a civil war between Caesar and Pompey. By 48 BCE Caesar was in total command of all of Rome’s holdings, having been named both (15)dictator and consul.
Caesar set out to Egypt to track down Pompey only to learn that he’d already been assassinated by agents of the Pharaoh Ptolemy. Egypt had its own (16)civil war at the time, between the Pharaoh and his sister/wife Cleopatra. Caesar sided with Cleopatra.
Caesar made his way back from Egypt to Rome, stopping off to defeat a few kings in the east, and was declared dictator again. That position that was later extended for ten years, and then for (17) life.
By 45 BCE Caesar was the undisputed master of Rome and he pursued reforms that strengthened his own power. He provided land pensions for his (18)soldiers, restructured the debts of a huge percentage of Rome’s debtors, and also changed the (19)calendar to make it look more like the one we use today.
By 44 BCE, many Senators had decided that Caesar controlled too much of the power in Rome, and so they stabbed him (20)23 times on the floor of the Roman Senate.
The conspirators thought that the death of Caesar would bring about the restoration of the Republic, and they were wrong. A Second Triumvirate was formed by Caesar’s adopted son Octavian, along with his second in command Marc Antony and a dude named Lepidus. This triumvirate was an awesome failure, degenerating into a second (21)civil war. Octavian and Antony fought it out. Octavian won, changed his name to Caesar Augustus, became sole ruler of Rome, adopted the title (22)emperor, and started printing coins identifying himself as Divini Filius: Son of God.
So did Caesar destroy the Republic? No, he’s only really to blame if he was the first one to do that. And he wasn’t. Take the general Marius, for instance, who rose to power on the strength of his generalship and on his willingness to open up the army to the (23) poor, who were loyal to him personally, and not to Rome, and whom he promised land in exchange for their good service in the army. This of course required the Romans to keep conquering new land so they could keep giving it to new legionnaires. Marius also was consul (24)five times in a row 60 years before Caesar.
Or look at the general Sulla who, like Marius, ensured that his armies would be more loyal to him personally than to Rome, but who marched against Rome itself, and then became its dictator, (25)executing thousands of people in 81 BCE, 30 years before Caesar entered the scene.
You’ll remember that the Persian Empire had some characteristics that made it imperial: a (26)unified system of government, continual military expansion, and a (27)diversity of subject peoples. The Roman Empire had all three of those characteristics long before it became The Roman Empire.
Rome started out as a (28)city, and then it became a city state, then a kingdom, and then a Republic, but that entire time, it was basically comprised of the area around Rome.
By the 4th century BCE, Rome started to incorporate its neighbors like the Latins and the Etruscans, and pretty soon they had all of Italy under their control. If you want to talk about real expansion and diversity, you’ve got to talk about the Punic Wars.
- In the First Punic War, Rome wanted Sicily, which was controlled by the Carthaginians. Rome won, which made Carthage cranky, so they started the second Punic war.
- In 219 BCE, Hannibal attacked a Roman town and then led an army across Spain, and then crossed the Alps with (29)elephants. Hannibal and his elephant army almost won, but alas, they didn’t and as a result the Romans got Spain. People in Spain are definitely NOT Romans which means that by 201 BCE Rome was definitely an empire.
- The third Punic War was a formality – Rome found some excuse to attack Carthage and then destroyed it so completely that these days you can’t even find it on a map.
Eventually this whole area and a lot more would be incorporated into a system of provinces and (30)millions of people would be ruled by the Roman Empire. And it’s ridiculous to say that Rome was a Republic until Augustus became Rome’s first official emperor, because by the time he did that, Rome had been an empire for (31)200 years.
INTRODUCTION
Hi, I’m John Green; this is Crash Course World History and today we’re going to learn about the Roman Empire, which of course began when two totally nonfictional twins, Romulus and Remus, who’d been raised by wolves, founded a city on seven hills.
Mr Green, Mr Green, what… what does SPQR stand for?
It means shut pie hole quickly, rapscallion. No, it means Senātus Populusque Rōmānus, one of the mottos of the Roman Republic.
So today we’re going to do some old school Great Man History and focus on Julius Caesar while trying to answer a question: When, if ever, is it OK to stab someone 23 times?
Shakespeare answers that question by saying that Roman senators killed Caesar because he was going to destroy the Roman republic, but even if that’s true, we still have to answer whether:
a. The Roman Republic was worth preserving, and
b. whether Caesar actually destroyed it.
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
One of the things that made the Roman republic endure, both in reality and in imagination was its balance. According to the Greek historian Polybius, "THE THREE kinds of government, monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, were all found united in Rome. And… it was no easy thing to determine with assurance, whether the entire state was an aristocracy, a democracy, or a monarchy.”
At the heart of this blended system was the Senate, a body of legislators chosen from a group of elite families. (Rome was divided into two broad classes: the Patricians – the small group of aristocratic families and the Plebeians, basically everybody else. The Senators were drawn from the Patricians.) The Senate was a sort of a mixture of legislature and giant advisory council. Their main job was to set the policy for the Consuls.
Each year the Senate would choose from among its ranks 2 co-Consuls to serve as sort of the chief executives of Rome. There needed to be two so they could check each other’s ambition, and also so that one could, you know, take care of Rome domestically, while the other was off fighting wars, and conquering new territory.
There were two additional checks on power: First, the one-year term. I mean, how much trouble could you really do in a year, right? Unless you’re the CEO of Netflix, I mean he destroyed that company in like two weeks.
And secondly, once a senator had served as consul, he was forbidden to serve as consul again for at least 10 years. Although that went a little bit like you say you’re only going to eat one Chipotle burrito per week, and then there are a few exceptions, and then all of a sudden you’re there every day, and YES, I know guacamole is more, JUST GIVE IT TO ME!
But right, we were talking about the Romans. The Romans also had a position of dictator, a person who would who’d take over in the event the Republic was in imminent danger. The paradigm for this selfless Roman ruler was Cincinnatus, a general who came out of comfortable retirement at his plantation, took command of an army, defeated whatever enemy he was battling, and then laid down his command and returned to his farm, safe in the knowledge that one day the second largest city in Ohio would be named for him.
If that model of leadership sounds familiar to Americans by the way, it’s because George Washington was heavily influenced by Cincinnatus when he invented the idea of a two term president.
GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR
So along comes Caesar. Gaius Ju- Gay-us? No it’s Gaius, I know from Battlestar Galactica.
Gaius Julius Caesar was born around 100 BCE to one of Rome’s leading families. His birth was somewhat miraculous, requiring a surgical procedure that we know as Caesarian section. Coming as he did from the senatorial class, it was natural that Caesar would serve in both the army and the Senate, which he did. He rose through the ranks, and after some top-notch generalling, and a gig as the governor of Spain, he decided to run for consul.
In order to win, Caesar needed financial help, which he got from Crassus, one of Rome’s richest men. Crassus ran a private fire company whose business model was essentially, “Hey, I notice your house is on fire. Give me some money and I’ll help you out with that.”
Caesar succeeded in becoming consul in 59 BCE and thereafter sought to dominate Roman politics by allying himself with Crassus and also with Rome’s other most powerful man, the general Pompey. You’ll no doubt remember Pompey from his fascination with Alexander the Great. Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar were the so-called first triumvirate, and the alliance worked out super well, for Caesar. Not so well for the other two. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
After a year as consul that included getting the senate to pass laws largely because of intimidation by Pompey’s troops, Caesar landed the governorship of Gaul, at least the southern part of Gaul that Rome controlled. He quickly conquered the rest of Gaul and his four loyal armies — or legions, as the Romans called them — became his source of power. Caesar continued his conquests, invading Britain and waging another successful war against the Gauls.
While he was away, Crassus died in battle with the Parthians and Pompey, who had become Caesar’s rival and enemy, was elected Consul. Pompey and the Senate decided to try to strip Caesar of his command and recall him to Rome. If he returned to Rome without an army, Caesar would have been prosecuted for corrupt consuling and also probably exceeding his authority as governor, so instead he returned with the 13th Legion.
He crossed the Rubicon River, famously saying, “The die is cast” or possibly, “Let the die be cast.” Sorry, Thought Bubble, sources disagree. Basically, Caesar was invading his own hometown. Pompey was in charge of Rome’s army but like a boss fled the city, and by 48 BCE Caesar was in total command of all of Rome’s holdings, having been named both dictator and consul.
Caesar set out to Egypt to track down Pompey only to learn that he’d already been assassinated by agents of the Pharaoh Ptolemy. Egypt had its own civil war at the time, between the Pharaoh and his sister/wife Cleopatra. Ptolemy was trying to curry favor with Caesar by killing his enemy, but Caesar was mad in that the-only-person-who-gets-to-tease-my-little-brother-is-me kind of way, except with murder instead of teasing. So Caesar sided with — and skoodilypooped with — Cleopatra. Thank you, Thought Bubble.
Cleopatra went on to become the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt and bet on Marc “I am the Wrong Horse” Antony instead of Emperor “There is a Baby Attached to My Leg” Augustus. But before all that, Caesar made his way back from Egypt to Rome, stopping off to defeat a few kings in the east, and was declared dictator again. That position that was later extended for ten years, and then for life.
He was elected consul in 46 BCE and then again in 45 BCE, this last time without a co-consul. By 45 BCE Caesar was the undisputed master of Rome and he pursued reforms that strengthened his own power. He provided land pensions for his soldiers, restructured the debts of a huge percentage of Rome’s debtors, and also changed the calendar to make it look more like the one we use today.
But by 44 BCE, many Senators had decided that Caesar controlled too much of the power in Rome, and so they stabbed him 23 times on the floor of the Roman senate. Caesar was duly surprised about this and everything, but he never said, “Et Tu, Brute” when he realized Brutus was one of the co-conspirators. That was an invention of Shakespeare.
AUGUSTUS CAESAR
The conspirators thought that the death of Caesar would bring about the restoration of the Republic, and they were wrong. For one thing, Caesar’s reforms were really popular with the Rome’s people, who were quick to hail his adopted son Octavian, as well as his second-in-command Mark “I am the Wrong Horse” Antony and a dude named Lepidus, as a second triumvirate.
This triumvirate was an awesome failure, degenerating into a second civil war. Octavian and Antony fought it out. Antony, being the wrong horse, lost. Octavian won, changed his name to Caesar Augustus, became sole ruler of Rome, attached a baby to his leg, adopted the title Emperor, and started printing coins identifying himself as Divini Filius: The Son of God. More on that next week.
Although Augustus tried to pretend that the forms of the Roman republic were still intact, the truth was that he made the laws and the Senate had become nothing more than a rubber stamp. Which reminds me, it’s time for the open letter.
AN OPEN LETTER TO THE ROMAN SENATE
Movie magic! An open letter to the Roman Senate. Oh, but first, let’s see what’s in the secret compartment. Ah, it’s a harmonica! Stan, do you want me to play some old, Roman folk songs? Very well. Stan, I just want to thank you for doing such a good job of overdubbing there.
Dear Roman Senate, Whether you were rubber stamping the laws of Emperor Augustus, or stabbing Caesar on the floor of your sacred hall, you were always doing something! I don’t want to sound nostalgic for a time when people lived to be 30, a tiny minority of adults could vote, and the best fashion choice was bed-sheets, but oh my god, at least you did something!
Your senate was chosen from among the Patrician class. Our senate here in the United States is chosen from among the obstructionist class. But don’t get me wrong, Roman senate, you were terrible. Best wishes, John Green.
DID CAESAR DESTROY THE REPUBLIC?
So did Caesar destroy the Republic? Well, he started a series of civil wars, he seized power for himself, he subverted the ideas of the republic, he changed the constitution, but he’s only really to blame if he was the first one to do that. And he wasn’t.
Take the general Marius, for instance, who rose to power on the strength of his generalship and on his willingness to open up the army to the poor, who were loyal to him personally, and not to Rome, and whom he promised land in exchange for their good service in the army. This of course required the Romans to keep conquering new land so they could keep giving it to new legionnaires. Marius also was consul 5 times in a row, 60 years before Caesar.
Or look at the general Sulla who, like Marius, ensured that his armies would be more loyal to him personally than to Rome, but who marched against Rome itself, and then became its dictator, executing thousands of people in 81 BCE, 30 years before Caesar entered the scene.
ROMAN REPUBLIC OR ROMAN EMPIRE
There is another way of looking at this question altogether if we dispense with great man history. Maybe Rome became an empire before it had an emperor. Like, remember the Persian Empire? You’ll recall that empire had some characteristics that made it, imperial. Like a unified system of government, continual military expansion, and a diversity of subject peoples.
The Roman empire had all three of those characteristics long before it became The Roman Empire. Like Rome started out as a city, and then it became a city state, then a kingdom, and then a Republic, but that entire time, it was basically comprised of the area around Rome.
By the 4th century BCE, Rome started to incorporate its neighbors like the Latins and the Etruscans, and pretty soon they had all of Italy under their control, but that’s not really diversity of subject peoples. I mean, nothing personal, Italians, but you have a lot of things in common, like the constant gesticulations.
If you want to talk about real expansion and diversity, you’ve got to talk about the Punic Wars. These were the wars that I remember, primarily because they involved Hannibal crossing the Alps with freaking war-elephants, which was probably the last time that the elephants could have risen up, and formed their awesome secret elephant society with elephant planes and elephant cars.
In the First Punic War, Rome wanted Sicily, which was controlled by the Carthaginians. Rome won, which made Carthage cranky, so they started the second Punic war. In 219 BCE, Hannibal attacked a Roman town and then led an army across Spain, and then crossed the freaking Alps with elephants.
Hannibal and his elephant army almost won, but alas, they didn’t, and as a result the Romans got Spain. People in Spain are definitely NOT Romans (despite Russell Crowe’s character in Gladiator), which means that by 201 BCE Rome was definitely an empire.
The third Punic War was a formality – Rome found some excuse to attack Carthage and then destroyed it so completely that these days you can’t even find it on a map. Eventually this whole area, and a lot more, would be incorporated into a system of provinces and millions of people would be ruled by the Roman Empire.
And it’s ridiculous to say that Rome was a Republic until Augustus became Rome’s first official emperor, because by the time he did that, Rome had been an empire for almost 200 years. There's a reason I'm arguing that the death of the Republic came long before Caesar and probably around the time that Rome became an Empire.
If anything destroyed the idea of Republican Rome, it was the concentration of power into the hands of one man. And this man was always a general. I mean, you can’t march on Rome without an army, after all. Why were there such powerful generals? Because Rome had decided to become an Empire, and empires need to expand militarily. Particularly, the Roman empire needed to expand militarily because it always needed new land to give its retired legionnaires.
That expansion created the all-powerful general and the incorporation of diverse peoples made it easier for them to be loyal to him, rather than to some abstract idea of the Republic. Julius Caesar didn’t create emperors: Empire created them.
CREDITS
Next week we’ll be discussing Christianity, so that shouldn’t be controversial. Until then, thanks for watching.
Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself and our graphics team is Thought Bubble.
Last week's Phrase of the Week was "Pre-Distressed Designer Jeans" If you want to guess at this week’s Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in Comments where you can also ask questions about today’s video which our team of historians will endeavor to answer.
Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, Don't Forget To Be Awesome.
Whoah… Geez! Yikes! Everything is fine!
Speaking Part 3
What do you think?
Should their be a limit on the amount of time that a president should be in power?
Or should the president be able to stay in power for as long as the people want?
What about your own country?
Is there a limit to how long the leader can stay in power?
Should there be?
Imagine that your best friend was hurting your country.
Would you choose your country, or your friend?
Would you help people to kill your best friend if you thought it would help your country?
What about today?
What is the relationship between the government and the military nowadays?
Who really holds the power?
How does the government keep control of the military?
Can you think of any modern examples where the military leaders refused to obey the government?
Crash Course World History 10: The Roman Empire or Republic or...Which Was It?
https://quizlet.com/_2f0go7
Crash Course World History 10: The Roman Empire or Republic or...Which Was It?
https://quizlet.com/_2f0go7
Crash Course World History 10: The Roman Empire or Republic or...Which Was It?
https://quizlet.com/_2f0go7
By law, the American President is limited to only 8 years. However, some people think that the President should be able to stay in office for as long as the people keep voting for him. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
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