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[At my school there's been a lot of talk about the benefits of extensive reading, but I was concerned that this information was only being shared among the teachers, and not being communicated to the students. I knew all the theory behind why my students should be doing extensive reading, but they didn't always understand the reasons I was constantly pushing them to read. So I made this worksheet up with the intention of trying to translate the benefits of extensive reading from the technical language of professional TESOL journals into something my upper-intermediate students might be able to understand. I'm not sure how well I succeeded in doing that. Although it was my intention to write clear and readable prose that would engage my students, I fear the result was a rather clunky style that probably shows all too clearly my limitations as a writer. But for whatever it may or may not be worth, my attempt is reproduced below.
I had a couple different sources for this, but I drew most heavily from this article here. As this is not an academic paper, I didn't cite my sources for all of this. For the same reason, I also allowed myself to make some assumptions here about internal cognitive processes. (A more careful scientific paper would probably note simply that there is a high correlation between extensive reading and writing test scores, but that the internal cognitive processes are, as of yet, not fully understood.)
In class, I usually hand out the list of questions for group discussion. Students discuss them in groups, and then afterwards I ask them for their opinions. Then I give them the reading, and ask them to compare their predictions with the information in the reading. I have found that during the group discussion period, my students have done a very good job of predicting the benefits of extensive reading, and so for classes where time is limited I sometimes only do the group discussion questions, and may not even find it necessary to hand out the reading with the answers. ]
Questions for group discussion:
What is extensive reading?
What kind
of things can you use for extensive reading?
How will extensive reading help my
grammar?
How will extensive reading help me
remember vocabulary that I have already studied?
How will extensive reading help me
better understand vocabulary that I have already studied?
How will extensive reading help me learn
new vocabulary?
How will extensive reading improve my
reading fluency?
How will extensive reading improve my
writing?
How will extensive reading improve my
speaking?
What does the research show about
extensive reading?
What about if I don't like to read?
What is extensive reading?
- Students read a lot and read often.
- Students read on a wide variety of topics.
- Students only read stuff that is interesting or fun for them.
- Students choose what to read.
- Reading focuses on: pleasure, information and general understanding.
- Reading is its own reward.
- There are no tests, no exercises, no questions and no dictionaries.
- The reading material is easy for the students--they can understand the meaning of the text easily without having to work too hard. The vocabulary is also at an easy level for the students.
- Students should be able to read and understand the material without any help from teachers or dictionaries. If the student finds that they need to use a dictionary to understand the text, then it is best for the student to stop and pick something slightly easier.
- Reading is individual, and silent.
What kind
of things can you use for extensive reading?
Anything and everything, including
graded readers (books that are intentionally written with a simplified grammar
and vocabulary for English students), novels, adventure or action books,
science fiction or fantasy, romance or drama, informative books or articles on
topics that interest you, comic books, newspapers, magazines, Internet
articles, entertainment news (articles about music, movies, or celebrities), fashion
magazines, children's books, teen literature, advice columns, and more.
How will extensive reading help my
grammar?
As
every student knows, learning English grammar can be very difficult. There are many different language
structures. It is possible to focus on
these and understand them one by one in isolation, but it is very difficult to
be able to remember them and use them all at once. In order to fully learn these in your head,
you will need to become very familiar with them over time by repeatedly
encountering them. In the very limited
time we spend in the classroom, there is no way that you can fully develop your
English grammar. Extensive reading will
help you with this in two ways:
Firstly,
during extensive reading, you will see, and be reminded of grammar structures
that you have already learned. This will
help you to cement them more fully in your memory.
Secondly,
extensive reading will allow you to see many types of grammar structures that
you haven't yet learned in class. You
may be able to learn some of these structures just through reading. Other, more complicated grammar structures, you may need to practice more,
but reading will help you to become familiar with them so that it will be
easier to learn them in class later.
How will extensive reading help me
remember vocabulary that I have already studied?
As
with grammar, learning English vocabulary can be very difficult. You have probably realized this already. In your English classes, you have probably
studied hundreds of words. But how many
of these have you really learned? How many
can you remember now?
It
is not enough to simply look at a vocabulary word once, and expect to remember
it permanently. In order to fully get
the word into your long term memory, you will need to practice it again and
again. In our very short time in the
classroom, you will not have enough time to do this.
Extensive
reading, however, will help you review the vocabulary again and again until it
is permanently in your brain. This is
why it is useful to be continuously reading in English. Even if you're not learning new words, you
are helping yourself to better remember the old words.
How will extensive reading help me
better understand vocabulary that I have already studied?
English
vocabulary can be very frustrating for students, because to truly learn a word
is often a lot more complicated than simply learning a dictionary
definition. One word can have many
different meanings in different situations.
Or two words can mean almost the same thing, but have slightly different
nuances (different shades of meaning).
Or words can have different connotations (for example, two words may
mean the same thing, but one word would only be used in a positive situation,
and one word would only be used in a negative situation.) There are also different collocations--for
example, some nouns will only be used with certain verbs instead of others.
It
is impossible to learn all of this simply by looking a word up in a
dictionary. The dictionary definition
will give you only a poor understanding of the word, and you will not be able
to use it fully. But extensive reading
will help you to get a fuller understanding of what the word means, and how it
is used in English.
How will extensive reading help me learn
new vocabulary?
Extensive
reading should expose you to many new words that you haven't yet learned
before.
However,
Be careful here. If there are too many
new words in the text, the text is going to be too difficult for you, and you
will not benefit from it. You will want
to try to pick reading material where you already know 98% of the words in the
text. This means that 98% of the
vocabulary will be review for you, but you can still learn new words from the
2% new vocabulary. This will quickly add
up over time if you read enough.
This
has been supported by many scientific studies--students who do a lot of
extensive reading have a very high level of English vocabulary.
How will extensive reading improve my
reading fluency?
Reading is a
skill. Just like any other skill, this
means you have to practice it in order to get better. When you first learn to read in English, your
brain has to work very hard to look at all the letters on the page, and match
those letters to words, and match those words to sentences, and match those
sentences to meanings. Perhaps you
remember how slow and difficult reading English used to be for you when you
were a beginning student?
However,
as you get more and more practice, these processes begin to become
automatic. Your brain no longer has to
think so hard when it looks at all the letters on a page. Words you have read many times now become
familiar and easy. You no longer have to
look at each letter one by one to recognize the word. And you are able to recognize the meaning
from several words together much easier than before.
The
more you read, the easier reading will become, and the faster you will be able
to read in the future. This will help
you tremendously in your reading tests at school.
How will extensive reading improve my
writing?
Reading
and writing are connected skills. When
you read, you are learning how to write, even if you don't realize it. Every time you read, you are looking at
something that somebody else wrote. This
is providing you with a good example for your own writing. Even if you don't realize it, your brain is
beginning to understand the common styles in English writing. Your brain will also have absorbed many of
the common sentence structures used for writing. The next time you sit down to write, you'll
find the words and sentences will come that much easier.
How will extensive reading improve my
speaking?
All language
skills in English are interconnected, because they all make use of some of the
same knowledge and processes. Students
who increase their grammar and vocabulary through extensive reading will find
that this same increased knowledge is now available in their speaking.
What does the research show about
extensive reading?
The most famous
research study comes from Japan. There
was a group of Japanese students whose English ability was far behind the
regular students. The researchers took these
students out of the regular English class, and put them in a special
class. In the special class, the
students spent the whole time just reading books that were interesting and
enjoyable for them. At the end of one
semester, their test scores had improved so much that they were now almost as
high as the regular students.
Somewhat
surprisingly, the research on extensive reading has shown that it not only
improves the students' reading scores, but also their listening, speaking,
grammar, and writing scores.
What about if I don't like to read?
It's important
to remember that nobody likes to read everything. For example, I don't enjoy reading motorcycle
repair manuals in my spare time.
For
informative reading, I enjoy reading about subjects that are interesting to
me. I enjoy reading when it gives me
information about something that I want to know.
For
fiction, I enjoy reading when I am interested in the story.
If
you're reading something that is not interesting for you, stop reading it and find
something else to read.
It's
also important to remember that reading is a skill that gets easier the more
you practice it. (Remember the section
on reading fluency.) When you first
start to read, it will be very difficult for your brain to translate the words
into meaning, and you will get tired quickly.
As you read more and more, your brain will begin to get used to this
process, and it will begin to happen automatically. You will find that reading is becoming easier
and easier for you, and that you are enjoying it more and more.
It's
also important to choose books that are not too difficult for you. Nobody likes reading things that are
difficult. This is not enjoyable. Choose books that you can read easily.
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