Showing posts with label linguistics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label linguistics. Show all posts

Monday, October 20, 2025

The Current State of My Language Studies (Updated)

Back in July, I wrote a long post about all the stuff I was doing to study languages
In that post, I mentioned I was studying:  
* Various quizlets to supplement Duolingo (here, here and here)

But then since I wrote that post, I've added even more stuff.
* Drops
* Memrise
* Rosetta Stone
* Legentibus

So... I guess it's time for another update, to explain why I added all this stuff, and how I'm currently juggling it.

Using Youtube Videos to Study Spanish Conversation I already wrote about.  I wanted to try to prioritize learning Spanish, since it's most useful for my current job.  I had already decided that memorizing dialogues (as opposed to just random vocabulary) was the way forward in terms of my Vietnamese studies, so I decided to do the same thing for Spanish.

In terms of my Latin studies, I continue to be making slow but steady progress through the Wheelock's Latin suite of textbooks.  It's going slow, but I do feel like I've mastered that chapters that I have completed.
And now that I've begun to get into it again, I have begun to wonder if I'll ever be able to work my way back up to the point where I'm able to read real Latin literature.
In my youth, after 3 years of high school Latin, I took a couple college Latin courses in which we were supposed to read the ancient Roman Latin--1 course on the Roman poets, one course on the Roman historians (which was just Caesar's Gallic Wars, if I remember correctly.)  I didn't much care for either course, and that was one of the main reasons why I dropped Latin and changed from a Classics major to a general history major.
As I remember it, I would spend a long time working on my translation every night, only to come back to class the next day and find out that my translation was all wrong.  The difficulty was a combination of having to remember so many rules and word endings at once in order to decode a sentence, plus all these secret rules that you didn't know about that were constantly tripping you up.  (e.g. "Although ordinarily we would expect the accusative for the direct object, this particular verb uses the dative for its object, so that's why your translation is wrong.")
I began to wonder if I would have these frustrations if I were ever to return to Latin literature.
It occurred to me that if I were ever in that position again, I would put less emphasis on my ability to translate everything perfectly the first time, and more emphasis on rereading and memorizing Latin verses for which I already had the translation.  That way I could maybe enjoy the poetry more, and maybe even begin to internalize some of the trickier aspects of the language.
What's more, websites like quizlet (which weren't available when I was in school) would make it very easy to memorize a poem word by word, and then line by line.  
Eventually this thought began to morph from a conception of something that I would do someday once I was finally ready, to a project I could begin to start right now, at least a little bit.  I might not know all the grammar yet, but with the aid of an online dictionary and publicly available translations, I could still start slowly memorizing bits of poems.  
I decided to start with Catullus.  For no particular reason, just because I got the impression that Latin students often studied Catullus.  Initially I was going to just use online versions of his poems, but then I got the idea that if I was going to do this project, I might as well order a book.  That way I at least get to add it to my book list, and have another book to talk about on this blog.  So I ordered The Student's Catullus.

While I was looking for Latin books on Amazon, Amazon made me aware of an unofficial supplement to Wheelock's LatinThirty-Eight Latin Stories by Anne H. Gorton and James M. May (Designed to accompany the chapters of Wheelock's Latin).  So, I thought, I might as well.  If I'm going to do the Wheelock's Latin, I might as well get the complete course.

**************
Shortly after this, I began to notice some troubling changes in Duolingo.  
They've gradually been making their free version less and less user friendly, with the intention, no doubt, of eventually making it necessary to join the paid version (Super Duolingo).

I've been stubbornly sticking with the free version.  And I plan on sticking with the free version forever.  I don't know--even though Super Duolingo isn't all that much, something just irks me about being forced to pay money for something that I used to get for free.
That, plus the main advantage of Duolingo, as far as I'm concerned, is that it's convenient and that it's free.  It's not really that great for actually learning the language. (I've written numerous-timeson this blog about my frustrations with it for learning Vietnamese.)  So, I thought, if I was ever to shell out real money for language learning software, I'd do it for something with a much better reputation--like Rosetta Stone.

And then, once that thought was implanted in my mind, I then began to think that if I was going to make a transition from Duolingo to Rosetta Stone, it might be better to do it sooner rather than later.  If I waited until I had worked myself up to a higher Duolingo level on my languages, then it might be frustrating to try to restart everything on Rosetta Stone.  Better to start learning on them both now, so that I'd be already well established on Rosetta Stone when and if the free version of Duolingo became unusable.

So, I bought myself a lifetime membership to Rosetta Stone. (I preferred to just do a lifetime membership rather than a monthly fee--that way I can just do it at my own pace, rather than stressing about whether or not I was doing enough each month to justify the fee.)

[Actually after I already made the purchase, I learned that I can get Rosetta Stone free from my local library.  I'm not sure buying your own account has any advantages, but this may have been a waste of money on my part.  I think it's too late for me to get my money back, but if you're reading this, and considering Rosetta Stone, check your local library first.]

Rosetta Stone had al four of my languages (Latin, Japanese, Vietnamese and Spanish) on it, so hopefully I can get my money's worth by working through all four languages.
Actually Rosetta Stone has two versions of Spanish--Latin American Spanish and the Spanish of Spain.  For the time being, I've decided to study them both.  It might be interesting to compare and contrast them as I go.
[When I first started to study Vietnamese, I was initially concerned about the regional variations, and trying to find materials that reflected the Southern dialect where I lived.  But around the time I was reading Chomsky's Universal Grammar, I decided that differences in regional dialects could be an interesting thing for an aspiring linguist to study, rather than something to be avoided. I think I might take the same approach with Spanish--rather than trying to pick which version to study, I could study both versions and note the similarities and differences as I go.]

So, I'm now studying both Rosetta Stone and Duolingo.
It then occurred to me: as long as I've established that I'm no longer in a monogamous relationship with Duolingo, and willing to dally with other language learning websites, then maybe I should finally check out some of these other free language learning websites.

About a year ago, a colleague in Vietnam recommended the website Drops (or Language Drops) as an alternative to Duolingo--she claimed it was much better than Duolingo.  I thanked her for the recommendation, but told her my study plan was to first finish Duolingo, and then maybe tackle other programs later.  (I had a hard enough time remembering all the vocabulary for Duolingo, I didn't want to add the burden of vocabulary from another website.)
But I've now abandoned my policy of "only Duolingo" in favor of relying on a number of different study materials.  So why not add in Drops as well?

Drops is a bit strange.  Like all these language learning websites, there's a paid version and a free version. I'm only doing the free version. On the free version, you can only study for 5 minutes a day.  Although in my case, since I'm juggling several websites, 5 minutes a day is about all I can spare on this website anyway.  So it works out well.  You can study multiple languages at a time.  (You can only do one per day--but you can work through several of them over the course of a week.)  They don't have Latin, but they do have Vietnamese, Japanese, and 2 versions of Spanish, so that's what I'm studying.

Memrise is another website that was recommended to me by a colleague in Vietnam.  He recommended it to me a couple of years ago, but at that time, Memrise didn't have any Vietnamese.  (My colleague had been using it to study Polish.)  But, I decided to check it out again, and they do have a Vietnamese course now.  And a Japanese course, and 2 versions of Spanish.  But no Latin.  
Memrise also has a paid version and a free version.  The paid version has more courses, but I'm doing the free version.

So, Drops and Memrise both didn't have Latin.  In fact, most of these language learning apps and websites don't appear to have Latin.  (Duolingo and Rosetta Stone have Latin, but very few other websites do.)  Just out of curiosity, I wondered what other language learning websites featured Latin.  I did a search, and discovered Legentibus.  (It has a website, but it's only functional as an app.  The website is just instructions on how to install the app on your phone.)  So, I tried out Legintibus, and it does appear to be quite useful.  So I'm adding that one to my rotation as well.  (Legintibus also has a paid version and a free version--I'm only going with the free version once again.)

There are, I'm sure, a hundred other apps and websites for language learning.  I'm currently being bombarded by ads on Facebook for new language learning apps and websites.  (Facebook must be tracking my web searches and Internet purchases--of course.)  Each language learning website is advertising itself as the only way to effectively learn a language, and claiming all the other language learning websites out there don't work.
But I'm done.  I've reached my limit of how many language learning sites I can juggle, and I'm not going to try any more until I've worked through the ones I'm currently using.

If I finish any of these course, I'll make a Youtube video reviewing them.  (And if I decide to abandon any of these websites, I might make a video about that as well.)

I'm also trying to balance my book study with all these apps.
To that end, I decided to add a couple more books to my study rotation.
I've heard so many things about the Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata Series that I decided I finally wanted to check it out. (Much of Legintibus appears to be based on the Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata books.)  So I ordered those books.

I also finally decided I should get myself a textbook for Japanese.  I had textbooks for all my other languages (here, here and here), but I had avoided getting a textbook for Japanese because I figured I knew all the basic Japanese grammar already.  
Well, maybe time to try to get back into the advanced grammar, in that case.  So I ordered Read Real Japanese, a book I had actually started doing years and years ago when I lived in Japan, but had never finished.  Okay, time to start it up again.

And, that's everything I'm currently trying to juggle now.
It's a bit ridiculous, I know.
Back when I lived in Japan, I used to always be tempted to buy new textbooks before I finished the ones I was working on.  So that near the end of my time in Japan, I had a ridiculous amount of textbooks I was trying to juggle at once.
I fear that I seem to have relapsed into that same habit now.

So, here's my promise to myself.  I will add no new materials to my language study plans.  Until I finish some of the material I'm currently studying, I'm not going to add in any new material.  I swear it.

There.  It's in writing and it's publicly on this blog.  So I have to hold myself to it now.

In case anyone is interested, here is my current schedule for trying to juggle all of this material.  

Google: docs, pub

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Duolingo: 1 new lesson for each language

Drops: 5 minutes

Memrise: 1 new lesson for each language

quizlet: Review Vietnamese

Read 1 chapter from one of the textbooks 

Legentibus: 1 reading

Duolingo: review Latin, review Vietnamese, 1 new lesson for Japanese, 1 new lesson and 1 review for Spanish

Drops: 5 minutes

Memrise: 1 new lesson for each language

Quizet: Review Vietnamese, Complete Duolingo Vocabulary, Review Latin Vocabulary, Complete Spanish Step by Step, Using Youtube Videos to Study Spanish Conversation, Read Real Japanese

Duolingo: one new Latin and one review, one new Vietnamese and one review, 1 new lesson for Japanese, 1 review for Spanish

Drops: 5 minutes

Memrise: 1 new lesson for each language

quizlet: Review Vietnamese, New page of Latin, Using Youtube Videos to Study Vietnamese in Context, Essential Vietnamese Grammar

Duolingo: 1 new lesson for each language

Drops: 5 minutes

Memrise: 1 new lesson for each language

quizlet: Review Vietnamese, New Latin Vocabulary,

Rosetta Stone: Latin and Japanese


Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Duolingo: 1 new lesson for each language

Drops: 5 minutes

Memrise: 1 new lesson for each language

quizlet: Review Vietnamese, Review Latin Grammar

Rosetta Stone: Vietnamese, Spanish (Latin America)

Duolingo: review Latin, review Vietnamese, 1 new lesson for Japanese, 1 new lesson and 1 review for Spanish

Drops: 5 minutes

Memrise: 1 new lesson for each language

Quizet: Review Vietnamese, Complete Duolingo Vocabulary, Latin Proverbia et Dicta, Catullus

Rosetta Stone: Spanish (Spain)

Duolingo: one new Latin and one review, one new Vietnamese and one review, 1 new lesson for Japanese, 1 review for Spanish

Drops: 5 minutes

Memrise: 1 new lesson for each language

quizlet: Review Vietnamese,New Latin Vocabulary, Using Youtube Videos to Study Vietnamese in Context, Essential Vietnamese Grammar
Legentibus: 1 reading


Daily Listening: Essential Vietnamese Grammar, Read Real Japanese, Youtube Videos I’m Using for my Language Studies


Tuesday, July 29, 2025

My Own Language Studies


The Current State of My Language Studies July 28, 2025

Currently Studying

Abandoned Language Textbooks

Previous Posts About My Own Language Studies
* February 3, 2022 Vietnamese Alphabet 
* February 6, 2019 Study Vietnamese Video
* November 27, 2017 Struggling to Study Vietnamese
* October 6, 2005 Not Studying Japanese and Me
* September 10, 2005 Learning Spanish in Japan

Studying Vietnamese Playlist HERE:


My Own Language Studies Playlist HERE


Videos I'm Using For My Own Language Studies Playlist HERE:

Monday, July 28, 2025

The Current State of My Language Studies

In one episode of the TELFology podcast (I forget which exact episode) one of the TEFLologists remarks that one of the dirty little secrets of the industry is that many English teachers are very poor language learners themselves.

Alas, c'est moi, mes amis.  Despite the fact that I've studied applied linguistics and second language acquisition, and have been working for the past 24 years as a language teacher, I've always been embarrased by my own poor track record with language learning. (*1)
If I were in any other profession, I would probably just give up and find another hobby.  But I've decided that for as long as I'm a language teacher, I should also be a language learner.
When I was living in Vietnam, I focused all my energies on learning Vietnamese (*2).  I at times flirted with trying to study other languages at the same time--like I mentioned here and here--but in the end decided that living in Vietnam was the perfect time to focus all my energy on learning Vietnamese.  If I ever left Vietnam, I told myself, then I would go back and try to consolidate all the languages I'd studied.
Well, now that I've left Vietnam, that time has come.  I'm still trying to learn Vietnamese, but I also want to start relearning the other languages that I once studied.
In addition to Vietnamese, my other languages are:
* Latin--which I studied for 3 years in high school, and 2 semesters in college, and
* Japanese--I lived in Japan for 8 years, and during that time studied Japanese both independently and  through organized classes. (*3) , (*4)

My initial idea was to just concentrate on Vietnamese, Japanese and Latin.  (Three languages should be enough to keep anyone busy.)  But after some thought, I eventually decided to add one more language to the mix--I'm going to try to learn some Spanish as well. (*5) As long as I'm working in ESL in the United States, it's probably going to be useful to know some Spanish.

So, 4 languages now: Vietnamese, Japanese, Latin and Spanish.
But, the kicker is that I actually don't want to spend all day studying languages.  I have a lot of other stuff I want to spend my time on.  I want to continue my project of reading through the classics, and also my reading for professional development.  I  want to keep working on my story.   I want to keep up my Youtube channel, which also includes finishing off my scripted reviews project.  I also have a wife I need to pay attention to, and two children I need to raise.  And as I've been discovering since I've moved back to America, there's endless amounts of things to sort out regarding life in America (school enrollments, insurance coverage, taxes, etc)

So, my goal is to come up with a system where I can study each language a little bit each day, but not have it take over all my free time.
Duolingo is the obvious choice, since this is exactly what duolingo was designed for.  And I have already started studying all 4 languages on duolingo--my target is at least one lesson a day for each of these languages.

However, as I've discovered, while duolingo is very convenient, it is not by itself sufficient to learn a language.  
So, for Vietnamese, I have long been supplementing duolingo with extra practice on quizletI've been using this quizlet set to review all the Vietnamese vocabulary I learned on Duolingo.  And when it got full (quizlet has a limit of 2000 words for a vocabulary set), I started a second quizlet.  I also use a smaller quizlet of just 25 words to review vocabulary that I'm having a particularly difficult time with.  (I add and delete words from this smaller set daily, depending on which words I need to focus on more at that moment.)
And, because the Vietnamese duolingo course doesn't give grammar explanations anymore, I also decided to supplement my Vietnamese studies with a grammar book: Essential Vietnamese Grammar by Tri C. Tran--for this book I also make use of quizlet and the accompanying online audio.  

For the Latin course, Duolingo doesn't have any grammar explanation, so I have to study my Duolingo Latin studies with some textbooks.
I initially got Wheelock's Latin (which I've been studying on quizlet here), but when I found out that Wheelock's Latin was part of set of books, I purchased the others as well:
Scribblers, Sculptors, and Scribes (a companion to Wheelock's Latin), which I've been studying on quizlet here, and also the Workbook for Wheelock's Latin.

For Spanish, I've purchased Complete Spanish Step-By-Step which I've been studying on quizlet here.  

For Japanese, I'm only using Duolingo.  Japanese is the one language that I feel confident enough in that I don't need any extra resources.  Everything I've come across in the Duolingo course so far has been stuff I already learned. (*6) Maybe this will change when I work my way up into the more advanced levels of the Japanese Duolingo course, but I'll cross that bridge when I come to it.

So that's my list of resources.  Now, how to make this all manageable so that it doesn't take over my whole life?
Well, here's my system at the moment.

On odd dates:
Vietnamese: Review one lesson of Vietnamese on Duolingo, study 25 words from one of the cumulative quizlets (here and here), run through my smaller focused quizlet set one time, listen to a youtube video at least once, and do at least 25 words from the quizlet, and do at least 25 words from the grammar book - quizlet and listen one time to the audio of the chapter I'm studying.
Latin: Review one lesson of Latin on Duolingo, and then use quizlet to review either the grammar or vocabulary or Proverbs and Sayings from Wheelock's Latin.  
Spanish: Do one review lesson on Duolingo, and one new lesson on Duolingo.  Study at least 25 terms from  Complete Spanish Step-By-Step on quizlet and listen one time to the audioListen to a youtube video at least once, and do at least 25 words from the quizlet.

On even dates:
Latin: Review one lesson of Latin on Duolingo and study one new lesson on Duolingo, and then do at least one new page from one of - the - three Wheelock Latin books.
Spanish: Do one review lesson on Duolingo.  Study at least 25 terms from  Complete Spanish Step-By-Step on quizlet and listen one time to the audio.  Listen to a youtube video at least once, and do at least 25 words from the quizlet.

I've been keeping to this system the past couple months, and I usually manage to keep my language study time down to 40-60 minutes a day.  Which I think is reasonable.  I mean, I still grudge the time somewhat, because this is time that comes out of my reading time, and consequently means I won't get through as many reading projects this year.  But, as I said at the top of the post, I believe it's important for someone in my profession to dedicate some time to language learning.  So here we are.
This is also the minimum for each day.  If I have extra time, and I feel like it, I may sometimes study a bit more.  But this is what I force myself to do as a minimum.

Feel free to follow me on Duolingo.  My handle is: https://www.duolingo.com/profile/JoelSwagman

Footnotes (docs, pub):
(*1) I have the usual excuses for my poor progress.  This reddit post does a good job of summarizing the reasons why most TEFL teachers don't learn the local language, and much of this explanation applies to my case.

(*2) Unfortunately I did a very poor job of trying to learn Vietnamese.  What I should have done is enrolled in a Vietnamese language school (as some of my colleagues did) and gotten some proper instruction.  Instead I relied on Duolingo, Youtube videos, and poorly designed textbooks (here, here and here).  Mainly Duolingo.  Which I've belatedly realized is not a good way to learn a language.  
Once again, I have my excuses.  When I first arrived in Vietnam, I was focused on studying for the Delta, and viewed studying Vietnamese as a secondary priority.  After I got married to a Vietnamese woman I realized I would always be connected to Vietnamese, and that I should prioritize studying it.  But then, by that point we were having kids, and it was difficult for me to take Vietnamese language classes in the evenings because I needed to help with the child care.  

(*3) The Japanese classes consisted of night classes, which I've talked about before on this blog several times--e.g. herehere and here,  I also went to various language exchange clubs, and free tutoring sessions.  And at one point I was enrolled as a fulltime Japanese student at Beppu University.  

(*4) At various points, I've flirted with the idea of learning other languages, as I've described on this blog: Korean, FrenchCambodian, and German.  But I never got far with any of those languages, so I'm not considering them as languages I've learned.
Part of me is tempted to write up a much more detailed account of my language studies--a sort of language studies autobiography, in which I would explain among other things why I started studying Latin, why I stopped, why I became proficient in Japanese, but never learned Cambodian, etc. But this post isn't the place to get into all that.  If I do decide to write that all up, it would be in a different post--which I might or might not write someday. 

(*5) As I wrote in a couple previous posts (here and here), I never actually learned Spanish in school, because I took Latin instead.  I did a couple years of Spanish club in 7th and 8th grade, but that's as far as I got.

(*6) Arguably what I should do is just skip ahead to a higher level in Japanese.  (Duolingo does actually give you that option.)  But, you know me, I like to do things systematically--start at the very beginning, and then work my way all the way to the end.  


Playlist HERE

Sunday, July 13, 2025

Wednesday, April 09, 2025

MTTC English as a Second Language (126) Secrets Study Guide by Mometrix: Review


Started the Youtube Videos: March 14, 2025

(This is my first time reading this book, so according to my new rules, I'm doing this as a video only review.)



Update: March 25, 2026: When I filmed this video, I was between permanent jobs, and wasn't part of a teaching community, so I had no one to trade stories with.  Since I've joined a school faculty, I've heard from numerous colleagues that the failure rate for this test is actually quite high, and that a lot of people study hard for this test but don't pass it.  I guess I didn't realize how lucky I was to pass it.  I apologize if my comments about passing this test seem insensitive. 

Links to stuff mentioned:
* The public available study guide for this MTTC (126): https://www.mttc.nesinc.com/Content/STUDYGUIDE/MI_SG_OBJ_126.htm
* This book on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3Qr9iVz
* The Flashcard set on Amazon: https://amzn.to/4cJ7x0l
(These are Amazon Associate's Links.  If you buy anything through those links, I get a commission.)
* My playlist for Mometrix Academy Youtube Videos for MTTC English as a Second Language (126): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOY-0V_l_9x40jZXG-kTzcTQ44_7e-zj7

I mentioned in my started post for the Youtube videos that I would review the videos separately under my Podcasts, Youtube Series, Radio Shows, Etc project.  But I changed my mind, and decided to review the videos together with the book.

I attempted to make a quizlet for this book, but didn't get past the first few pages.  That quizlet is HERE.



Did you enjoy this review? Consider supporting me on Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/joelswagman

Support me on Patreon: https://patreon.com/JoelSwagman

Friday, January 19, 2024

Political Labels are Meaningless

Dear reader,
in my youth, I have spent a lot of time getting into political debates about different ideologies.  And over the years, I have learned a few things which, had I only known them years ago, would have saved me a lot of time.  I now wish to impart my wisdom onto you in the hopes that you can also redeem some of your time which would otherwise be spent squabbling about politics.  And that wisdom is:
1) Most political debates are actual semantic debates.  (e.g. calling Obama's tax plan socialist or calling Trump's immigration policy fascist will quickly lead into a discussion about what "socialism" or "fascism" really means.)
2) Political labels have no agreed upon definition.
3) Therefore, most political debates are a waste of time.

Remember this the next time you are tempted to get into a political debate on Twitter or Facebook.  It will save you a lot of time and energy.

I actually realized a long time ago that most political debates were actually semantic debates.
For example, I remember once, over 20 years ago, when I was at a party and I got to a long political debate with someone about whether capitalism or socialism was the worse system, and we both attempted to use China to illustrate our point.  I cited China as an example of the problems with capitalism, and he cited China as an example of the problems with communism, and then we realized we were having this big long debate, and we didn't even agree on our terms.
"China has privately controlled corporations," I said.  "Of course it's capitalist."
"China is ruled by a one-party system," he countered.  "Of course it's communist."
That's just one example that sticks out in my mind, but I've had countless experiences like this over the years--experiences where halfway through a big long political debate, I realized my opponent and I were simply talking past each other, because we had completely different ideas of what "capitalism" and "socialism" actually meant.  I'm sure you've had countless experiences like this as well.

I should have learned a lesson from this, but I didn't.  Like a lot of arrogant people, I just assumed that I knew exactly what these words meant, and everyone else was wrong.  (I was a political science minor back in college, so I had the illusion that I knew this stuff.)
* "capitalism" refers to a recent economic development in human history, emerging in the 19th century, in which the economy is dominated by corporations, and the corporations are privately owned by stockholders.  Anyone who used the term to simply refer to buying and selling was wrong.  
* "socialism" refers to the workers controlling the factories (as opposed to the stockholders).  Anyone who used the term to refer to high taxes or welfare programs was wrong.  That's welfare capitalism, not socialism.
* "anarchism" refers to the anti-authoritarian wing of the socialist movement.   (Of course that's not the literal definition of anarchism--the word literally means "no government"--but the literal meaning doesn't matter, because it's the historical use of the word that's more important).  Anyone who attempted to use the literal definition of anarchism was wrong.
* "fascism" was authoritarianism from the right.  Anyone who attempted to use it to describe the left (like Jonah Goldberg) was historically ignorant.  
* "Nazism" was fascism plus racism.  Anyone who used the terms interchangeably was being imprecise.
* "democracy" referred to a system of government in which the people voted on the laws directly, a la ancient Athens.  Anyone who used the term "democracy" to refer to the United States was being imprecise.  The United States is a republic.

So, you see, I thought I knew what I was talking about.  But I was wrong, wrong wrong!  The truth is that none of these words have any agreed upon meaning.
First of all, even among political scientists, there is widespread disagreement about what these words actually mean.  But even if the experts could all agree, it still wouldn't matter.  As any linguist can tell you, words don't actually mean what the dictionary says they mean.  Words get their meaning from the way that they're used in real life.  If enough ordinary people think that socialism means higher tax rates, then that is what the word means now--at least in one sense. 

************************************************************

I have a memory or reading a linguistic textbook about 10 years ago, and coming across the section where the authors were discussing how words are paired with their meanings.  And the authors said that most people don't really understand how unstable the nature of meaning often is.  As an example, they mentioned how many people passionately talk about terms like "democracy" and "socialism" without ever realizing that there are no agreed upon definitions for these words.
And I remember looking up from the book and thinking to myself: "This linguistic textbook has just taught me more about politics than all the political science courses I ever took."  

I really wish I still had that linguistic textbook with me now, because I would love to quote that passage out exactly.  I think it was from An Introduction to Language by Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Peter Collins, and David Blair*, but I've been searching the Internet for it, and I can't find that passage associated with that book anywhere.

What does turn up when I do a Google search for "linguistic textbook people talk about terms like democracy as if everyone agrees on the meaning" is  Politics and the English Language by George Orwell.  And I read Orwell's essays at about the same time (both books I read in 2014).  So now I'm wondering if my memory has just gotten the two books mixed up?  Or maybe both books touched on the same topic?
At any rate, Orwell says it eloquently, so I'm just going to quote him:
Many political words are similarly abused. The word Fascism has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies “something not desirable.” The words democracy, socialism, freedom, patriotic, realistic, justice have each of them several different meanings which cannot be reconciled with one another. In the case of a word like democracy, not only is there no agreed definition, but the attempt to make one is resisted from all sides. It is almost universally felt that when we call a country democratic we are praising it: consequently the defenders of every kind of regime claim that it is a democracy, and fear that they might have to stop using that word if it were tied down to any one meaning. (full essay here)
I Was Wrong
Let's get some mea culpas out of the way.  Here are my apologies for every time I've tried to insist upon an exact definition for a political label
(...and no doubt I've made other posts over the past 20 years  which I'm just not remembering.)
In each of these posts I was wrong for trying to insist that there was some sort of correct definition of the word which the general public was just not getting.  Apologies to everyone.

Also, while recently listening to Revolutions Season 7: The Revolutions of 1848 by Mike Duncan, I've been learning about the history of socialism, and I've learned that historically the word had a very broad meaning.  Historically, a "socialist" was just anyone who was concerned with "the social question"--that is, the question about what to do about the problems of poverty accompanying the industrial revolution.  The means, methods and solutions that the early socialist thinkers advocated differed tremendously from each other, but if they were at all engaged in trying to solve the social question, then they were socialists.

For years I've been telling people: "Socialism means the workers control the means of production, and if you use that term to refer to anything else, you're wrong."  But it turns out I was wrong.  The term has a very broad history.

Note to Self: Always Remember This
Having achieved middle-age, I think I've largely lost the urge to endlessly debate politics.  (Having long political discussions that stretch into the night is something you only do in your 20s, right?)
But, as the above list of links show, I can still get sucked into the temptation to try to define political terms.  So I'm writing this post for myself as much as for anyone else.
Always remember--political labels are meaningless.  Don't get sucked into the trap of trying to define them.  Don't try to debate them.  
If you have to debate politics, talk about the effects of individual policies instead.  Don't say "Obama's tax policies are socialist".  Pretend the word "socialist" doesn't exist and then talk about why you don't like Obama's tax policies.
Similarly, don't talk about Trump's fascist policies. Just talk about why you believe Trump's policies will have bad effects.

And for god's sake, I'm begging you, don't get sucked into an argument about whether or not China or North Korea or anywhere else represents a genuine communist state.

Notes:
* In this 2016 post on Fascism, I attributed that quote to An Introduction to Language.  
** In my mind at the time, I thought "mercantilism" meant an economy of exchanging goods for money--i.e. the system that pre-dated capitalism.  But a trip over to Wikipedia indicates that I myself was misusing the term mercantilism.