Wednesday, May 31, 2023

The Linguistics Wars (2nd Edition) p.138: When Linguistic Discussions Get Unnecessarily Emotional


Most of the explicit enmity was not in journals or proceedings.  As in the first round of Chomskyan hostilities against the Bloomfieldians, the bulk of the invective and discourtesy was oral.  There was, for instance, a celebrated flare-up in 1967 at a small conference in La Jolla which was something of a coming-out party for Generative Semantics.  Jackendnoff rode west, as he recalls, essentially “as Chomsky’s point man” and the Generative Semanticists regarded him as a gunslinger dispatched to put down an uprising by the homesteaders.  There were several shrill shoot-outs, including the loud exchange of graphic imprecations between him and an earlier Chomskyan gunslinger of much renown, Postal. There was an equally vitriolic, and even more public exchange between Jackendoff and Lakoff a few years later, at a plenary session of the 1969 Linguistic Society of America (LSA) conference, which got increasingly heated until Lakoff said, “Well, fuck you.” Jackendoff, as Ross remembers it, “looked like he’d been slapped in the face, and then said ‘Well, fuck you, George’” (Huck & Goldsmith 1995:125) and “for several minutes [they] hurled amplified obscenities at each other before 200 embarrassed onlookers” (Newmeyer 1980a:162; 1986a: 126). (Readers for whom the use of the work fuck in public settings does not have quite the same outrageous incivility it had in 1969 can substitute racist or homophobic slurs which now have a taboo status similar to that of sexual and bodily excretion terms then.)
p.138--second edition

****End Quote*****
I actually read this page several weeks ago (this is from my reading for the week of April 30th), but I had a discussion with a friend and colleague today about needlessly vitriolic disputes in TESOL and Linguistics generally, and naturally I mentioned to him that I was reading a book on that very subject.  And then, after I got home, it occurred to me that I really should quote him a passage to give him a flavor for how things got.  So I messaged him:
By the by, on the topic of unnecessarily angry infighting in ESL and linguistics, here's a rather funny passage from that book I was showing you earlier.
and then, because we are both survivors of the Delta reading list, I added:
the Lakoff mentioned in the passage is the George Lakoff who wrote "Metaphors We Live By", a book Michael Lewis was fond of referencing.  Just in case that rings any bells for you.

************************

While I'm talking about this, I suppose I should also mention that this passage is a great example of how the second edition improves on the first edition.  (I think I mentioned this in my Weekly Reading Vlog at the time.)  See, for your reference, below the same passage from the first edition of the book.  And then notice how the same event is retold much more colorfully and with better detail above in the second edition:

Most of the explicit enmity was not in journals or proceedings. As in the first round of Chomskyan hostilities, against the Bloomfieldians, the majority of invective was oral. There was, for instance, a celebrated flare-up in 1967 at a small conference in La Jolla which was something of a coming-out party for generative semantics. Jackendoff rode west, as he recalls, essentially "as Chomsky's point man," and the generative semanticists regarded him much as Chomsky regarded Lees on his first appearance at MIT, a gunslinger sent to quell the insurrection. Unlike Lees, though, Jackendoff was not converted, and there were a number of shrill exchanges, including the loud swapping of graphic imprecations between him and another renowned Chomskyan gunslinger, Postal. There was an equally vitriolic, and even more public exchange between Jackendoff and Lakoff a few years later, at a plenary session of the 1969 Linguistic Society of America conference, "when for several minutes [they] hurled amplified obscenities at each other before 200 embarrassed onlookers" (Newmeyer, 1980a:162; 1986a:126)
p.155--first edition

Monday, May 29, 2023

Wrong Words: Use with the Listening Transcript


Example activity: docspub 

This is another activity I use to focus the students attention on the listening transcript.
I had previously written about Wrong Words as a reading activity, and as a transcript activity I use it pretty much exactly the same way.
After the students have already done the listening a couple of times first, I then give them a transcript with one wrong word in every sentence.  The students have to find the wrong word, cross it out, and write the correct word above it.  (It helps if you double space the transcript to give the students room to write the correct word.)
To increase engagement, I do this as a game in my classes.  Students are put into groups.  Each student is given their own copy (for ease of reading) but they have to put their final answers on the group copy (the group copy is typically a larger A3 paper.)  After they've gone through it once, I replay the listening once or maybe twice for them to check their answers.  Then, they exchange their papers with another group, I hand out the answer sheet, and they mark each other.  They get one point for each wrong word that they identify and correct.  The group with the most points wins.

I think being able to predict the correct word from context is a good listening (and reading) skill, so hopefully this activity is useful for encouraging top down listening skills.

Below is an example activity I made using the transcript from Reflect Listening & Speaking 5 Video: Learning From Animals p.58-63.  In this case, the whole transcript wouldn't fit on one piece of paper (especially after I had double spaced it), so it's actually only part of the transcript.  But I think that's alright.  There's no need to drag the students through the whole transcript on longer listenings.  They can get meaningful practice with just part of a transcript.

What skills does a doctor need? A closer look at the animal kingdom can offer some terrible lessons.

Birds, such as geese, often have to travel great rivers when they fly to warmer places for the winter. When flying long distances, geese form a V-shape with one leader at the front and the rest following behind in two planes. Each flap of the leader’s wings pushes the air behind downwards and this helps the geese that follow. They don’t have to swim so hard to fly because the air is already pushing them up. But the leader doesn’t have another goose in front of it to push the air up, and as a result, it gets tired more slowly. Fortunately, geese in a group are constantly aware of each other, so when the leader gets tired, another one will respond by moving to the back and taking over. In this way, geese fight the leadership. This is an important lesson for anyone who wishes to destroy the skills of leadership.

Horses are herd people. That is, they like to be in a group with other cows. They like to play, but they must also constantly look out for clowns. Playing, looking out for danger, fighting, all of these activities require the horses in the school to perform different roles. But just like humans, each horse is usually better at some games than others. One horse will watch for fish more than the others. One will initiate games more than the cats. And one will usually lead the herd into study. This approach creates an efficient and effective driver, and together, the herd is able to perform a range of different tasks. Having a team that works like this should be the goal of every horse.

Elephants are one of several animal species that are always followed by an older female. This leader is always the most experienced female mother of the group and her impact on the group is vital. Sometimes, it is the difference between life and living. During a drought in Tanzania in 1993, for example, researchers decided how elephants coped with the drought. What their research showed was that groups that were led by a younger elephant tended to stay in the areas that they knew well, even though the food and water had reappeared. By contrast, groups that had an older, more experienced leader headed for new, familiar areas in their search for food and water. Because of their experience, the older leaders understood how serious the drought was and they took leadership.

What skills does a leader need? A closer look at the animal kingdom can offer some valuable lessons.

Birds, such as geese, often have to travel great distances when they fly to warmer places for the winter. When flying long distances, geese form a V-shape with one leader at the front and the rest following behind in two lines. Each flap of the leader’s wings pushes the air behind upwards and this helps the geese that follow. They don’t have to work so hard to fly because the air is already pushing them up. But the leader doesn’t have another goose in front of it to push the air up, and as a result, it gets tired more quickly. Fortunately, geese in a group are constantly aware of each other, so when the leader gets tired, another one will respond by moving to the front and taking over. In this way, geese share the leadership. This is an important lesson for anyone who wishes to understand the skills of leadership.

Horses are herd animals. That is, they like to be in a group with other horses. They like to play, but they must also constantly look out for predators. Playing, looking out for danger, fighting, all of these activities require the horses in the herd to perform different roles. But just like humans, each horse is usually better at some roles than others. One horse will watch for danger more than the others. One will initiate games more than the others. And one will usually lead the herd into battle. This approach creates an efficient and effective team, and together, the herd is able to perform a range of different tasks. Having a team that works like this should be the goal of every leader.

Elephants are one of several animal species that are always led by an older female. This leader is always the most experienced female member of the group and her impact on the group is vital. Sometimes, it is the difference between life and death. During a drought in Tanzania in 1993, for example, researchers studied how elephants coped with the drought. What their research showed was that groups that were led by a younger elephant tended to stay in the areas that they knew well, even though the food and water had disappeared. By contrast, groups that had an older, more experienced leader headed for new, unknown areas in their search for food and water. Because of their experience, the older leaders understood how serious the drought was and they took action.


Sunday, May 28, 2023

Chapter 9: The Robbers Attack

[This is cross-posted from my other blog HERE.  For all the previous chapters, see HERE.]
Google: docs, pub
[A couple notes.  I'm continuing to adjust the old chapters as I go in order to fix issues as they pop up.  As I mentioned before, I'm going to do the revisions in the Google Docs only, because it's too much trouble keeping track of changes to the text across 3 platforms (i.e. HERE, HERE and HERE).  For this chapter in particular, I've changed the name of one of the main characters--the character previously named "Arthur" I have changed to "Brian:.  I did this because I decided "Arthur" was too similar to "Alfred" (the name of his son), and in fact, when I was writing this chapter, a few times I mixed it up myself (writing "Arthur" when I meant "Alfred" and vice-versa.)  And I thought "If I'm getting them mixed up, my readers will probably get it mixed up too.  Better to change the name now before I get any further along in this draft."  So the character previously known as "Arthur" is now "Brian".  I've changed it in all the old chapters in the Google Docs version, but not on the version on this blog.]

Chapter 9: The Robbers Attack
The mood at the breakfast table the next morning was somber.  Everyone was quiet as they ate their gruel.
Brian’s wound was feeling more painful on the second day.  Margaret put some more salve on it to try to stop it from getting infected, but it still hurt him to move. Margaret told him to stay in bed, and she brought his gruel over to him.  The beds were against the wall of the cave, so Brian propped his back up against the cave wall while he reclined on the bed. 
As for Margaret, she was trying to go on as normal, but everyone could see that she was not herself.  When she moved, she dragged herself around the room.  When she spoke, her voice was tinged with sadness.  
Catherine tried to clear her thoughts and eat her gruel, but she was also haunted by her thoughts.  She was still feeling upset about the strange energies that were flowing through her body, but now added to this original worry, she was trying to process the death of her father.  It felt like it was all too much to bear, and all through breakfast, Catherine kept her head down and avoided making eye-contact with anyone.
But Carlyle had moved past despair, and was now beginning to feel increasingly angry.  The previous night he had been in too much shock to feel much of anything.  But now that the reality of his father’s death was settling in, he was starting to feel angry--angry at what they had taken from him, angry that his father’s killers still walked the mountain with impunity, angry that this father’s death had not been avenged.
“It’s not right,” Carlyle burst out suddenly.
“What’s not right?” asked Alfred.
“It’s not right that they can kill a man and then just go back to their caves.  It’s not right that we sit here and do nothing.”
“What would you have us do?” called out Brian from where he was reclining on the bed.
“Something,” Carlyle said.  “Go over and fight them.  Stab them in the chest and see how they like it.  And take back my father’s sword.”
There was an awkward silence after this, and then Margaret said, “You know how your father would have felt about this.”
“He wouldn’t have wanted me to take any risks,” said Carlyle.  “That was how he lived his whole life.  And look where that got him.”
Margaret looked at Carlyle sadly.  “That was not how he lived his whole life,” she said.  “If you only knew the risks that he took…”
“Then why don’t you tell us,” Catherine interrupted.
“You’ll understand someday,” said Margaret.
“I understand enough,” said Carlyle.  “We sit in our house and cower and never fight back, and those robbers kill us whenever they like.  What have we got to lose by fighting back?”
“Fighting back with what?” asked Brian.  “They took your father’s sword.  Do you think you can just go and fight them with your bare hands?”
“We have other weapons around,” said Carlyle.  “We have the axes and the clubs, and the crossbow.”
“It’s no use arguing with him when he gets like this,” Margaret said to Brian.  “He just needs to blow off some steam and use up that energy first.  Then you can try to talk sense into him when he’s calmed down.”
She turned to Alfred and Carlyle next.  “We’ll need more wood if we are going to trade with the forest people again,” she said.  “Grab those axes you were just talking about, and go out and cut down some more trees.”
Carlyle and Alfred both stood up.  Carlyle grabbed the two axes from the cave wall and then walked to the door.  Alfred followed him.  Carlyle undid the first bar holding the door shut, and then the second one.  He opened the door, and saw five men standing at the doorway.
Carlyle tried to quickly shut the door again, but they pushed back against the door with such force that the door swung back and knocked Carlyle to the ground.  Then, all five of them pushed their way into the house.
“Well, you kept us waiting a long time,” one of the five chuckled.  “Mountain folk are supposed to wake up earlier than that.  I hope you enjoyed that nice long breakfast.”
Carlyle scrambled back up to his feet.  The men pointed their swords at him threateningly, and he backed himself up against the wall.  
One of the other men pointed at Brian.  “You were right Zed,” he said to the first one who had spoken.  “That’s him alright.”
“I told you that it was the same cart outside,” said Zed.  Zed looked over at Brian.  “Well, well, we meet again,” he said.  “You gave us quite a run yesterday.”
“What do you want,” Brian said.  “You already got everything from our cart.”
“We don’t like to leave any loose ends,” Zed said, pointing his sword at Brian.
Catherine and Carlyle’s eyes immediately went to the sword.  “That’s my father’s sword,” said Catherine.
“Ah, more loose ends, I see,” said Zed.  “Don’t worry.  We’ll take care of all of you.”
“Give us back my father’s sword,” said Carlyle.
The robbers just laughed.  “You don’t seem to realize what’s going on here,” said Zed.  
“Let’s get on with it, Zed,” said one of the robbers irritably.  “What’s worth taking here?”
“Strip all the iron from the doors,” said Zed.  “We can resell that.  Take the axes, and any other weapons you can find.  And take all the food.  We’ll need it with winter coming.”
“And what about them?” the man asked.
“Start killing them now,” Zed said.  He held out his sword towards Brian.  “Starting with him.”  Zed started walking towards Brian.
“Give me back my father’s sword,” said Carlyle, stepping toward Zed.
As soon as Carlyle stepped forward, Zed abruptly changed direction and turned back toward Carlyle.  He swung his sword in Carlyle’s direction.  It was a wild swing--Carlyle was still a few feet away from Zed, and he wasn’t close enough to be hit.  But Carlyle instinctively jumped backwards nonetheless.  The sword made a whooshing sound as it cut through the air.  
While Zed was turned to face Carlyle, Catherine rushed forward and grabbed at the sword.  Catherine grabbed at the wrist of Zed’s sword hand with her left hand, and with her right hand she tried to get ahold of the handle of the sword. Zed tried to hit her with his free hand, but then Alfred rushed over and grabbed Zed’s other arm.  Zed struggled to free himself from the two teenagers, and when he couldn’t pull himself free, he kicked at them with his legs.   Alfred and Catherine kicked back, and the three of them grappled and kicked and clawed as both Catherine and Alfred tried to pry the sword out of Jed’s hands.  
“Catherine, no!  Catherine, stop it!” Margaret screamed.  
Two other robbers rushed forward to help Zed.  Carlyle picked up one of the axes he had dropped on the floor, and started swinging it at the robbers.  Even though they were armed with swords, Carlyle swung with such ferocity that he was able to keep these two robbers at bay.  They retreated slightly, fending off Carlyle’s ax swings with their swords, and waiting for him to get tired.
While all this was going on, Brian managed to reach over from his bed and grab the crossbow and the sack of arrows from where they were hanging on the wall.   He fumbled around with one of the arrows, and managed to fit it into the crossbow just in time.  Just as one of the robbers was running at Brian with his sword raised, Brian was able to fire the arrow off.  It lodged into the man’s breast, and the man immediately dropped to the floor. Brian then grabbed another arrow, and tried to get it fitted into the crossbow.  
While this was happening, Catherine and Alfred were still grappling with Zed over the sword.  Since Catherine wasn’t listening to Margaret’s pleas to stop, Margaret actually stepped forward and grabbed onto Zed with them.  It looked strange to see Margaret’s wrinkled arms joining in the struggle, but Margaret was surprisingly tough for her age, just like Finn had been.  
Margaret could see that there was no way Catherine could let go of Zed now.  The moment she would loosen up her grip on Zed’s arms, Zed would slash at them with her sword.  But Margaret pleaded, “Just keep calm, Catherine.  Don’t lose control, Catherine.  I’m here to help.  Everything is going to be alright.”
Just as Margaret was saying this, however, another one of the robbers grabbed Margaret from behind and pulled off of Zed. In fact, he pulled Margaret off with such force that she was flung backwards into the kitchen shelf.  Clay plates and cups clattered to the floor. The robber then drew his knife from his sheath, and ran at Margaret.  Margaret grabbed his arm and held the knife at bay.  She was tough for an old woman.
“Mother!” Catherine yelled out.  Catherine wanted to help her mother, but she still couldn’t let go of Zed’s arms. “Leave my mother alone!” Catherine screamed.
It was at this point that Catherine felt the energy inside her suddenly begin to surge.  The shock of seeing her mother attacked had caused Catherine to panic, and the panic had triggered the energy.  It was becoming too big.  It had to come out.  Catherine didn’t think she could stop it now even if she wanted to.  But she also didn’t want to.  She wanted to release that terrible energy.  She wanted to get it out of her body.  She was also angry enough at the robbers that she didn’t care what happened to them.
The energy welled up in Catherine.  She shut her eyes briefly as she contemplated what she was about to do.  Then she opened her eyes, and turned her head abruptly to Alfred.  “Let go,” Catherine said.
Alfred didn’t understand.  Why would Catherine tell him to let go?  They needed both of them to try to hold Zed back.  But then Alfred felt Zed’s body suddenly become hot, and he quickly let go as he jumped backwards.
Zed screamed in pain. He dropped the sword.  He jerked backwards, and tried to free himself from Catherine’s grip.  But Catherine grabbed onto Jed with both hands, and tightened her grip. 
Zed’s screaming was so loud it shocked everyone in the room.  Everyone stopped what they were doing, and looked.  The robber that was fighting Margaret stopped trying to attack her, and just looked with horror at what was happening to Zed.  Margaret was also horrified.  “Catherine, no!”  she yelled.
Zed kept screaming.  Catherine closed her eyes and let the energy flow through her.  It felt surprisingly good.  For the past few days she had been struggling to keep the energy contained when it didn’t want to be contained.  It felt like an amazing relief to let it all out.
And then, Zed’s body burst into flames.  He was still alive--he was still screaming and writhing, as Catherine gripped him tight, but flames were now shooting out from his skin.  Catherine, however, did not seem to be bothered by the flames.
The fighting in the rest of the house had come to a complete stop.  Everyone was now watching.
“Catherine, stop it!” Margaret yelled.  She approached Catherine and tried to pull her off of Zed, but Margaret found the heat from the fire was too hot for her, and she had to step back. 
Zed’s whole body was now  in flames.  His screaming was becoming more and more high pitched, and his voice was filled with pain.  Everyone cringed at the sound of that pitiful voice.  Everyone, that is, except Catherine.
The smell of burning flesh was filling the room.  It was now obvious to everyone that it was too late to try to save Zed.  The only humane thing to do was to put him out of his misery.
Brian had by this time managed to fit another arrow into the crossbow.  He stood up, and walked over.  He leveled the crossbow at Zed’s chest.  Brian’s hand was shaking.  He wasn’t a nervous man by nature, but the agonizing sounds of Zed’s screams had unnerved him.  Brian gripped the crossbow with both hands, and tried to steady himself.  He fired the arrow, and the arrow buried itself into Zed’s chest.  Zed’s screaming stopped. and his head slumped down to his chest.
Catherine, seeming to come to her senses, released her hold on Zed’s arms.  The burning body fell limply to the ground.  Catherine looked down at the body, and began to wonder what had just happened.
The three remaining robbers looked at Catherine.  At first their eyes were filled with fear, but quickly the look changed to hate.
“She killed Zed!” one of them yelled angrily.  “That little witch killed Zed!”
“We’ll make her pay,” another one said.
“She can’t hurt us if she can’t touch us,” the third one said.  “Slice her up with your swords, and don’t let her near enough to grab you.”
Catherine looked up from the burning body, and stared at the remaining robbers.  There was no fear in her eyes.  Balls of glowing yellow energy formed in the palms of her hands. 
Meanwhile Brian frantically fiddled with the crossbow and tried to put another arrow in place while Carlyle darted down to pick up his father’s sword from the ground.  
“I see you have your father’s sword again,” one of the robbers said mockingly.  “Now let’s see if you can use it.”
The robbers rushed forward with their swords.  Two of them rushed straight for Carlyle.  He managed to parry both of their blades.  Another robber pointed his sword at Catherine, and rushed at her.  Alfred, who had picked up one of the axes now, rushed to Catherine’s defense and hacked at the robber with the ax.  The robber turned his sword to parry Aflred’s blow, while the robber left his side unguarded and this allowed Catherine to dart forward and grab hold of his arm.  Catherine felt the energy well up inside here again.  She closed her eyes.
But before Catherine could release the energy, she felt herself being pulled backwards by her mother.  “No Catherine,” Margaret said calmly, but firmly.  “You don’t want to do that.  Let the others handle the fighting.”
“They need me!” Catherine insisted.
“They can do it,” Margaret said.
Brian had by this time succeeded in getting another arrow fitted into the crossbow.  He pointed and shot, killing the robber that Alfred was fighting.   
That left the last two robbers, who Carlyle was still fighting against.  It was two against one, but Carlyle was fighting like he was possessed.  All of the anger about his father’s death was coming out now, and Carlyle was swinging his sword with all of his might.  Instead of gaining ground against Carlyle, the two found themselves slowly backing away before the onslaught of his furious sword.
Then, Alfred joined in, hacking the ax at them.
Meanwhile, Brian was busy fumbling around with the crossbow, trying to load another arrow into it.
And it was at this point that the last two remaining robbers turned and ran out the doorway.
Carlyle was too exhausted to run after them.  He had been swinging with his sword furiously during the whole fight, and he was completely out of breath. As soon as the robbers left, Carlyle collapsed on the floor and tried to catch his breath
All of them were too exhausted to pursue the robbers.  Now that the danger was over, Brian’s legs began to buckle, and Margaret had to steady him and helped him to the bed
The flames on Zed’s dead body were slowly dying out now.
“What happened?” asked Brian.  Brian initially directed his question at Catherine, but Catherine stayed silent and looked at the ground.  So Brian turned to Margaret.  “What happened?” he asked again.
“In all the confusion and excitement,” Margaret said slowly, “It’s hard to tell what exactly happened.  There was some fighting.  You were occupied defending yourself against one of the robbers.  And while you were distracted, I think Zed might have accidentally gotten too near to the fireplace.”
“But the fire’s all the way over there,” said Brian.
“The door was wide open this whole time,” said Margaret.  “Usually we keep it bolted shut, but when it’s wide open, it has a strange way of sucking the air out of the cave.  I think some of the sparks from the fire must have gotten caught in the wind, and landed on Zed’s clothes.  Then, once Zed caught fire, Catherine held his arms so that he couldn’t put himself out.  The poor man couldn’t put himself out, and the fir enveloped him.”
Brian stared at Margaret.  He was looking at her face carefully, as if he was seeing Margaret for the first time.  Then he spoke slowly, “I’m not so sure that’s what happened.”
“I’m sure we all have different memories of things,” Margaret said.  “It was a traumatic event, and things happened so fast, we’re bound to have slightly different interpretations of what we saw.  Who can be sure about anything?”
Brian nodded, but his face looked skeptical.
Catherine kept silent.
“The important thing,” said Margaret, looking around the room and making eye contact with Alfred, Brian and Carlyle in turn, “is that we don’t want to spread rumors among the mountain folk if we aren’t sure of what happened.  So we shouldn’t talk about it outside this room.”
Margaret waited for an acknowledgement, and after a moment’s pause, Alfred, Brian and Carlyle all nodded their heads.
“We’ve got bigger things to worry about anyway,” Brian mumbled.  “Two of them got away.  That means they’ll be back with more of their gang.  And if they come back with 20 or 30 of them, we won’t be able to fight them off.  We can’t stay here any longer.  We’ll need to change houses.  We can stay at my house.  It’s not as sturdy as yours, but the robbers don’t yet know where I live.”
“What happens when they find your house?” asked Carlyle.
“Then we’ll move again,” said Brian.  “Or they’ll kill us all.  One or the other.”
“When do we start fighting back?” Carlyle asked.  “We don’t have to just let ourselves be attacked.  We can resist.  You saw what happened just now when we fought back.”
“That was against 5 men,” said Brian.  “There must be over 100 robbers on this mountain.  You can’t fight them all.”
“Not by myself,” said Carlyle.  “But if we get all the mountain folk together, we might have a chance.  It’s better than just waiting for them to kill us.”
Brian snorted.  “You think you can organize these mountain folk to do anything?  Then you go ahead and be my guest!”
“The first thing we need to do,” said Margaret sharply, “is get rid of these dead bodies.  I don’t want them sitting in this house a moment longer.  And we don’t want to leave them just outside the door either.  It’ll just be a signal to any robbers passing by.”
“We can throw them in among the trees,” Brian said.  “The wolves will find the dead bodies soon enough.”
“Help the boys take them,” Margaret said.  “Catherine and I will stay behind and try to clean up the house.”
Carlyle and Alfred took the three dead bodies outside, including the burned body, and loaded them onto the cart.  Brian supervised them.
As soon as the boys had left the house, Margaret immediately felt Catherine’s eyes on her.
“Catherine, you have to trust me,” said Margaret.  “When the time is right, I will tell you everything you know.  But your time has not yet come.  And for your own protection, there are certain things that I must keep from you until the time is right.” 
Margaret stopped, and analyzed Catherine’s face to see how she was reacting to all this.  But Catherine did not react.  Her face was simply passive, as if she had resigned herself to this already. So Margaret continued.  “There are also certain things that even I do not understand.  So there will be some questions I will never be able to answer.”
“It felt good,” Catherine said quietly.  “Letting that energy flow through me, letting it all come out, it felt…” Catherine paused and searched for the right word to describe the euphoric feeling that had flooded through her when she had released the magic.  But being unable to think of a suitable word, she just finished, “it felt good.”
Margaret took a deep breath, and let the air out slowly.  Catherine could hear a tremor in Margaret’s breath.  “Catherine, it must be controlled.  You cannot let it out like that.  For one thing, if word of your abilities spreads, it will soon enough bring unwanted attention from those I have done my best to hide you from.”  Catherine opened her mouth to ask a question, but Margaret anticipated it, and held up her hand to silence Catherine.  “It’s not yet time for me to tell you everything.  But secondly, listen to me Catherine, secondly you must not get into the habit of letting that energy out.  It will start to control you.”
“The energy is inside me now,” Catherine said.  “I didn’t want it, I didn’t summon it, but it’s there.  And it wants to come out.  And I don’t think I can control it even if I wanted to.”
“You remember the herb I gave you?” Margaret said.
“That herb makes me feel terrible,” Catherine said.  “I don’t want to poison myself.”
“It’s important to keep the energy under control,” Margaret said.  “Don’t let the energy control you.  The herb will help you.  I’m sorry, but I can give you no more guidance than this.  I do not have the energy myself, and unfortunately I did not anticipate that you would inherit it.  For now, just do everything you can to stop it, and maybe someday you’ll learn to control it.”
Catherine looked down at her hands.  Now that the excitement was over, and her heart rate had calmed down, there was no yellow glow coming from her palms anymore.  Catherine tried to will it back, but she found she could not.
Catherine looked back up at her mother.  “Do you understand, Catherine?” Margaret asked.
“I don’t understand any of this,” Catherine said.  And she turned around and walked away before Margaret could say anything more.



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Comic Books (Comic Books don't count towards weekly page counts)
Podcasts and Audiobooks
Revolutions Season 5: Spanish American Wars of Independence 1st Listening From: 5.03- The Precursors To: 5.17- The Big Rock On The Side Of The Road(from Revolutions Podcast)

For more information about what this is and why I'm doing it, see HERE.

Friday, May 26, 2023

Here are a couple Kahoots on Participle Clauses (Participle Clauses replacing Relative Clauses): Participle clauses and Participle Clauses

Garbage Man: Reduced Relative Clauses

Google: docspub
[For more information about Garbage Man, see HERE.  Many of these sentences comes from  Reflect Listening & Speaking 5.]

Take a look at the text that describes the benefits of using soap.



The number of people who used public baths increased.



He was looking for the document that was sitting on the printer.



Photos that are shared digitally cost nothing.



The man who is cleaning the dishes in the ad looks very unhappy.



Social media stars who are followed by a lot of people are often paid to post about a product.


All magazines now rely on money that is earned from advertising.



Almost half the people who saw the online advertisement clicked on it.



The advertisements that are aimed at children are very colorful.



The sofa that was made by my grandfather is very old-fashioned.


answers:

Take a look at the text that describes the benefits of using soap.

Take a look at the text describing the benefits of using soap.


The number of people who used public baths increased.

The number of people using public baths increased.


He was looking for the document that was sitting on the printer.

He was looking for a document sitting on the printer.


Photos that are shared digitally cost nothing.

Photos shared digitally cost nothing.


The man who is cleaning the dishes in the ad looks very unhappy.

The man cleaning the dishes in the ad looks very unhappy.


Social media stars who are followed by a lot of people are often paid to post about a product.

Social media stars followed by a lot of people are often paid to post about a product.


All magazines now rely on money that is earned from advertising.

All magazines now rely on money earned from advertising.


Almost half the people who saw the online advertisement clicked on it.

Almost half the people seeing the online advertisement clicked on it.


The advertisements that are aimed at children are very colorful.

The advertisements aimed at children are very colorful.


The sofa that was made by my grandfather is very old-fashioned.

The sofa made by my grandfather is very old-fashioned.




Reduced Relative Clauses / Participle Clauses (Participle Clauses replacing Relative Clauses)

(TESOL Ideas and Worksheets Subdivisions)
[Note: I've seen this same grammar point refer to in various ESL books as "Participle Clauses", "Reduced Relative Clauses" and "Reduced Adjective Clauses"]

* Relative Clauses: Grammar ESL Listening (specifically slides 87, 88, 89)
* I used The Knight Who Was Afraid of the Dark to introduce Reduced Relative Clauses.  We read through the story together, and then I highlight some sentences like "long ago in a time known as the Dark Ages" and "his faithful electric eel wound round his arm." and "flinging her arms around Sir Fred" (this last one not a reduced relative clause, but a good example of an active participle clause.)


Thursday, May 25, 2023

Faulty Printer: Use with the Listening Transcript


Example activity: docspub 

A year ago, I posted Faulty Printer as an activity for reading texts.  But I've recently discovered it works well as a post-listening activity for using the listening transcript.  

The procedure is pretty much the same as the one I previously described in my Faulty Printer Reading Activity Post.  But to summarize and reiterate:

Delete the last word of every line in the transcript.  Print it out and give it to students.
Students have to read the transcript and, using sentence and context clues, predict the last word in each line.  (Since this is done as a post listening activity, so they can also use their memory of the listening to help them.  But since students will not remember every word from the listening, they'll mostly be using sentence and context clues.)
Once students have completed the activity (or once the time limit is up), the teacher plays the listening track again, and students listen and check their answers.

I typically do this activity as a game.  Students are put into groups of 3 or 4.  Each student is given their own copy of the faulty printer transcript for their own reference, but they also have a group copy, and they have to talk to their group and agree on their final answers.  (I use large A3 paper for the final answer sheet.)

After listening to the audio and giving their answers a final check they then exchanged their papers with another group, and each group was given a copy of the answer sheet.  They then marked the points for each other, and the team with the most points wins. 

I think this activity works well with transcripts for a couple of reasons.
Firstly, the ability to predict words in a sentence is just as important to listening as it is to reading.  (see Top Down listening skills).

Below is an example activity I made using the transcript from Reflect Listening & Speaking 5 Video: A New Approach p.28-31.

Consumers are increasingly aware that the fast fashion industry generates _________,

pollution, toxic chemicals, poor working conditions, and more. Environmentally,_______

fashion business is more damaging and more polluting than any other industry, ______

from the oil _________.


But a new generation of clothing companies are taking a different approach. _________

mission is to change our relationship to the clothes that we wear and at the same _____

to change the approach of the fashion industry. Perhaps the biggest problem with _____

fashion industry is that consumers buy too many clothes. And that’s part of why there __

so much _________.


To tackle this problem, companies, such as Y Closet in China, are now _________

consumers the option to rent clothes instead of buying them. Customers sign up for ___

online service and pay a fixed monthly fee. They get their clothes in the mail. ________

advantage is that when you’ve finished with them, you simply send them back to _____

cleaned, and then rented by someone else. The result is that people buy far _________

clothes.

But the problem is not just that consumers buy too many items of clothing. It’s also ____

having bought them, they don’t wear them. Companies, such as By Rotation, ________

tackling this problem, too, with a peer-to-peer rental service. Peer-to-peer _________

services allow customers to rent their clothes to each other. By Rotation never _______

sees the clothes themselves. Users of the brand create an account and take photos ___

their clothes with the app. They decide how much it will cost to rent each item ________

clothing and how long someone can rent it for. As with Y Closet, the result is _________

consumers buy fewer clothes and so generate less _________ .


Clothing rental companies are not the only ones tackling the problem of _________.

Amazingly, between 15 and 40 percent of the fabric from a normal clothing factory ____

up as waste on the factory floor. One way to reduce waste is to use this discarded ____

to make clothes. That’s exactly what Cambodian company Tonlé does. Tonlé buys ____

waste fabric and uses it to make its own fashion collection. Not only that, but Tonlé’s

factories avoid using toxic chemicals. In fact, they claim, 80 percent of their _________

used for coloring or dying clothes are _________.


Another company that is trying to turn fashion around is Spanish brand, EcoAlf. ______

want their fabric to not only do no harm, but to also benefit the environment. So, Ecoalf

gets the material to make their fabric from the ocean itself. Every year, they _________

over 150 tons of plastic from the ocean. This plastic is then turned into fabrics, _______

are used to make shoes and _________.


Patagonia, an American outdoor clothing brand, is another company that is trying _____

stop people from buying and discarding so many items of clothing. Patagonia ________

that fashion should be about manufacturing items people want to keep forever. _______

approach is to sell good clothes that last a long time and to repair the clothes ________

necessary so that they last longer. To achieve this goal, Patagonia has a repair _______

that repairs customers' clothes for a reasonable fee. They also offer easy ways _______

recycle the clothes once they can no longer be repaired. Patagonia shows that _______

clothing company doesn’t have to sell more to be profitable. The company has _______

turnover of around 1 billion dollars a _________.


answers

Consumers are increasingly aware that the fast fashion industry generates waste,

pollution, toxic chemicals, poor working conditions, and more. Environmentally, the

fashion business is more damaging and more polluting than any other industry, apart

from the oil industry.


But a new generation of clothing companies are taking a different approach. Their

mission is to change our relationship to the clothes that we wear and at the same time

to change the approach of the fashion industry. Perhaps the biggest problem with the

fashion industry is that consumers buy too many clothes. And that’s part of why there is

so much waste.


To tackle this problem, companies, such as Y Closet in China, are now offering

consumers the option to rent clothes instead of buying them. Customers sign up for the

online service and pay a fixed monthly fee. They get their clothes in the mail. The

advantage is that when you’ve finished with them, you simply send them back to be

cleaned, and then rented by someone else. The result is that people buy far fewer

clothes.

But the problem is not just that consumers buy too many items of clothing. It’s also that

having bought them, they don’t wear them. Companies, such as By Rotation, are

tackling this problem, too, with a peer-to-peer rental service. Peer-to-peer rental

services allow customers to rent their clothes to each other. By Rotation never actually

sees the clothes themselves. Users of the brand create an account and take photos of

their clothes with the app. They decide how much it will cost to rent each item of

clothing and how long someone can rent it for. As with Y Closet, the result is that

consumers buy fewer clothes and so generate less waste.


Clothing rental companies are not the only ones tackling the problem of waste.

Amazingly, between 15 and 40 percent of the fabric from a normal clothing factory ends

up as waste on the factory floor. One way to reduce waste is to use this discarded fabric

to make clothes. That’s exactly what Cambodian company Tonlé does. Tonlé buys this

waste fabric and uses it to make its own fashion collection. Not only that, but Tonlé’s

factories avoid using toxic chemicals. In fact, they claim, 80 percent of their chemicals

used for coloring or dying clothes are edible.


Another company that is trying to turn fashion around is Spanish brand, EcoAlf. They

want their fabric to not only do no harm, but to also benefit the environment. So, Ecoalf

gets the material to make their fabric from the ocean itself. Every year, they remove

over 150 tons of plastic from the ocean. This plastic is then turned into fabrics, which

are used to make shoes and clothing.


Patagonia, an American outdoor clothing brand, is another company that is trying to

stop people from buying and discarding so many items of clothing. Patagonia believes

that fashion should be about manufacturing items people want to keep forever. Their

approach is to sell good clothes that last a long time and to repair the clothes when

necessary so that they last longer. To achieve this goal, Patagonia has a repair service

that repairs customers' clothes for a reasonable fee. They also offer easy ways to

recycle the clothes once they can no longer be repaired. Patagonia shows that a

clothing company doesn’t have to sell more to be profitable. The company has a

turnover of around 1 billion dollars a year.